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Application of activated carbon in flue gas treatment process
Navrátil, Petr ; Niesner, Jakub (referee) ; Jedlička, Filip (advisor)
The objective of this bachelor thesis is to explain the problematic of flue gas treatment from the air pollutants mainly by methods using adsorption on activated carbon. There is an introduction to environmental protection, description of selected chemicals, charcoal and description of technologies to remove pollutants in municipal waste incinerators, and finally mention the possibilities of disposal or reuse of a saturated carbon. And finally selection of appropriate methods and design for a specific application.
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Integration of Waste-to-Energy Plant into the District Heating Network with Existing Heating Plant
Kopecký, Václav ; Janošťák, František (referee) ; Putna, Ondřej (advisor)
The main two goals of this thesis are summarization of current state of waste management policies in the Czech Republic and introduction of possibilities connected with waste-to-energy strategy. This thesis is divided to 4~sections, each of them focused around different part of this complex problem, or issues directly connected to it. In the first part, state of waste management in the Czech Republic is discussed from several different points of view. Then, district heating is introduced as a solid platform for waste-to-energy facilities. The last two chapters present several other issues, connected with construction of new waste-to-energy plants and methods of optimization of long term rentability models.
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Pressure loss of catalyst carriers
Linda, Matúš ; Kilkovský, Bohuslav (referee) ; Jecha, David (advisor)
The diploma thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part deals with the issue of waste management and its energy utilization in waste incineration. Processed harmful substances produced by incineration as well as emission limits. It deals with the types of catalytic carriers, their description, production and more detailed processing of ceramic foam VUKOPOR. The second part is devoted to technologies utilizing catalytic processes and a more detailed specification of the process. In the third part there is processed the calculation methods for pressure losses for individual types of carriers. Fourth, the most extensive part describes the INTEQII experimental device, its technology and construction, as well as the principle of the practical part, measuring of the pressure losses of carriers. It includes the evaluation of pressure losses in separate categories of carriers, such as the bed, HoneyComb and VUKOPOR ceramic foam. Subsequently, a comparison of the pressure losses of all carriers is made relative to the reference size of 1 m. The impact of bonding of VUKOPOR foam samples on the size of pressure losses is discussed. At the end of this section, the suitability of calculation methods for individual carriers is evaluated, depending on the experimental pressure loss data.
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Absorption Cleaning of Flue Gases Arising from the Incineration of Wastes
Jecha, David ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Žaloudík, Petr (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
This doctoral thesis deals with potentials of methods for cleaning of flue gas from pollutants such as acidic components. Wet method of flue gas cleaning is analysed in detail with special focus on elimination of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Introduction presents advantages and disadvantages of thermal processing of waste and production of undesired pollutants. Following parts comprise facts about main pollutants produced from incineration. Legislation providing for emission of gaseous pollutants from incinerators is also given. Chapter concerning methods of pollutants elimination is mostly focused on absorption (wet and/or semidry scrubber) and adsorption methods. Several up-to-date technological procedures are mentioned; they have a multifunctional effect such as elimination of acidic components, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzo-furanes from flue gas using single injection of suspense. Elimination of mercury (Hg) is among the technologies for heavy metal elimination which is described in detail. Main part of the thesis is related to experiments at two-stage flue gas cleaning equipment. Function of this experimental unit is described along with methods for measurement of individual quantities and detailed description of all the equipment and its components. Experimental measurements carried out at this equipment are explicated and assessed. Along with experimental work, the author has created a simulation model of wet flue gas cleaning in ChemCad programme. Particular operational parameters were tested on this model. This thesis contains results of the measurement which provide background for verification of the mathematical model. Further, the balance of heavy metals conducted on the basis of measurements in waste incinerator is displayed. Main contribution of the thesis may be summed up as follows: Author has designed and constructed experimental equipment for two stage flue gas cleaning. He also formed calculation for pressure drop of O-element prototype equipment and for packing column with FLEXIPAC structured packing. He created data file with measurements at the experimental unit. He determined temperature at outlet of a random device where liquid is injected into stream of hot flue gas. He designed a simulation model which is identical with experimental equipment and which usage enabled comparison of measured and calculated data; it also serves as a basis for industrial applications. Last part deals with creation off heavy metals balance in a case industrial waste incinerator.
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Measurement of selected components in flue gas
Stach, Vítězslav ; Bojanovský, Jiří (referee) ; Jecha, David (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on measurement of chosen components in flue gas, which originates during waste incineration. The thesis states ordered maximum limits and Czech as well as European legislation which controls and adjusts operation of waste incineration plants. This thesis is divided into two parts, first deals with legislation, chosen components generally, limits, analysers and used methods. The second part is devoted to experimental measurement using different types of analysers, description of measuring procedure and evaluation of results.
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Heat and electricity production in waste -to -energy plant
Szegedi, Peter ; Lisý, Martin (referee) ; Skála, Zdeněk (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with a design of steam boiler used to incineration of mixed municipal waste. Based on the specified fuel and the required output parameters of the steam from a steam boiler is calculated stoichiometry of incineration, thermal losses and overall boiler efficiency. Other chapters of thesis are focused on construction and thermal calculation of boiler moves. Finally, this thesis is to check heat balance of the boiler.
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Heavy Metals Transfer during Waste Incineration
Karásek, René ; Noskievič, Pavel (referee) ; Kabát, Viktor (referee) ; Skála, Zdeněk (advisor)
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material that consists mainly of organic and mineral substances, metals and water. After thermal treatment this waste redistributes into individual incineration products. This also holds for the metals contained in the waste. This thesis deals with the behaviour of heavy metals and their compounds during the incineration process. Determining the percentage content of heavy metals from the waste entering the process of thermal utilization is practically impossible. The principal aim is to determine the amount of each heavy metal in the MSW from the incineration products. The opening sections of the thesis deal with waste, options of incineration, flue gas cleaning processes and also with the problems of the heavy metals in the environment. The next section introduces recent developments, what possibilities there are for determining the heavy metals in the waste and methods of data evaluation. The experimental part of the thesis introduces of a four-day measuring process that was conducted at the MSW incineration plant SAKO, Inc. The samples of the individual products of incineration were taken and after the laboratory analysis the results for the selected heavy metals were processed. The results include statistical data analysis.
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Evaluation of the alternatives of PCDD/F removing in the incineration plants
Frýba, Lukáš ; Kropáč, Jiří (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
The thesis is focused on analyzing the current status of the technology used for cleaning flue gas from persistent organic pollutants, especially PCDD/F. For the three most commonly used methods of solution operational and energy efficiency comparison was made, where achievable energy export and the impact of the change in working conditions on the efficiency indicators of energy production and use of the energy was evaluated. In conditions we considered an alternative machine-technological solutions used for the final disposal of persistent organic pollutants resulting from the waste combustion in terms of additional operating costs and energy efficiency.
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The study of occurrence, collection and disposal of hazardous waste
Wolf, Adam ; Benešová, Libuše (advisor) ; Zimová, Magdalena (referee)
This bachelor thesis provides an overview about the hazardous waste. At the beginning there will be discussed the legislative measures related to hazardous waste management and international cooperation. Following three chapters are dedicated to these hazardous wastes: asbestos waste, sludge from wastewater treatment and ashes from incineration waste. Today forbidden material asbestos occurs in insulation of the old public and industrial buildings. It is essential to prevent release of asbestos fibres. Further currently was proposed several promising processes for treatment of sewage sludge and ashes from incineration waste that management in the Czech Republic overlooks. Presented methods emphasize degradation of hazardous properties from the concerned waste. Thesis shows current occurrence of waste in environment. Main objective is assessment of potential risks for human health or environmental components, consequent from hazardous waste and draw implications for the most effective treatment. A conclusion of literature research summarized advice for treatment of these waste. Key words: hazardous waste, hazardous properties, asbestos containing waste, sludge from wastewater treatment, sewage sludge, waste incineration, bottom and fly ash, vitrification, heavy metals.
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Measurement of selected components in flue gas
Stach, Vítězslav ; Bojanovský, Jiří (referee) ; Jecha, David (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on measurement of chosen components in flue gas, which originates during waste incineration. The thesis states ordered maximum limits and Czech as well as European legislation which controls and adjusts operation of waste incineration plants. This thesis is divided into two parts, first deals with legislation, chosen components generally, limits, analysers and used methods. The second part is devoted to experimental measurement using different types of analysers, description of measuring procedure and evaluation of results.
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